EU272.26% of GDP · 2023
US3.45% of GDP · 2023
China2.58% of GDP · 2023
EU27 US China Range of the member states
Range within the EU: 2023: 0.52 (Romania) to 3.60 (Sweden), median 1.55, 27 member states
All member states (2023)
| Sweden | 3.60 |
| Belgium | 3.27 |
| Austria | 3.25 |
| Germany | 3.15 |
| Finland | 3.09 |
| Denmark | 3.05 |
| Netherlands | 2.27 |
| France | 2.18 |
| Slovenia | 2.13 |
| Estonia | 1.84 |
| Czechia | 1.83 |
| Portugal | 1.70 |
| Ireland | 1.59 |
| Poland | 1.55 |
| Greece | 1.49 |
| Spain | 1.49 |
| Croatia | 1.39 |
| Italy | 1.38 |
| Hungary | 1.38 |
| Luxembourg | 1.07 |
| Lithuania | 1.05 |
| Slovakia | 1.03 |
| Latvia | 0.82 |
| Bulgaria | 0.79 |
| Cyprus | 0.68 |
| Malta | 0.65 |
| Romania | 0.52 |
Values as a table
| Year | EU27 | US | China |
|---|---|---|---|
| 2023 | 2.26 | 3.45 | 2.58 |
| 2022 | 2.23 | 3.49 | 2.49 |
| 2021 | 2.24 | 3.47 | 2.38 |
| 2020 | 2.28 | 3.42 | 2.36 |
| 2019 | 2.21 | 3.14 | 2.20 |
| 2018 | 2.17 | 2.99 | 2.10 |
| 2017 | 2.14 | 2.88 | 2.08 |
| 2016 | 2.10 | 2.84 | 2.06 |
| 2015 | 2.10 | 2.77 | 2.02 |
| 2014 | 2.10 | 2.71 | 1.99 |
| 2013 | 2.08 | 2.70 | 1.96 |
| 2012 | 2.06 | 2.67 | 1.88 |
Definition
Gross domestic expenditure on research and development by business, government, higher education and non-profit institutions, relative to economic output.
Caveats
Measures effort, not results. Collected under the OECD Frascati Manual; China's statistics do not follow it in every respect. Data appear with a lag of about two years.
- Source
- World Bank, World Development Indicators (UNESCO Institute for Statistics) ·
GB.XPD.RSDV.GD.ZS - Licence
- CC BY 4.0
- EU value
- World Bank EU aggregate (EUU).
- retrieved
- 24 Oct 2026 · source updated 8 Oct 2026